Redefining Millets: A Unique Grain Group Outside the Conventional Cereal Paradigm

Rajesh, C. and Suhas Raj, H. R.

Abstract

Millets are traditionally classified as cereals due to their botanical inclusion in the family Poaceae and their role as staple grains. However, growing scientific evidence highlights significant structural, nutritional, ecological and functional differences that distinguish millets from major cereals such as wheat, rice and maize. Although taxonomically true cereals, millets possess smaller grain architecture, a higher bran-to-endosperm ratio and superior micronutrient density. They are rich in dietary fiber, essential minerals, polyphenols and antioxidants. Generally, exhibit a lower glycemic index. Their C₄ photosynthetic efficiency, drought tolerance and adaptability to low-input systems further differentiate them within the cereal group. Unlike globally dominant cereals shaped by intensive domestication and industrial processing, millets remain resilient crops of marginal agro-ecosystems. These distinctive attributes challenge the conventional cereal paradigm and justify a functional reclassification. This review critically examines the cereal-millet distinction from taxonomic, nutritional, and agronomic perspectives. It argues that while botanically cereals, millets represent a nutritionally superior and ecologically resilient grain group deserving recognition beyond traditional cereal categorization.