Conserving Indigenous Fish for Food and Cultural Heritage in India

Fish in India hold significance beyond their role as food. They are deeply embedded in stories, rituals, festivals and family traditions that reflect the close relationship between people and rivers. Indigenous species such as the shimmering Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha), the majestic golden mahseer (Tor putitora) and numerous smaller local fishes connect communities with landscapes, seasons and cultural memory. These species, however, are facing rapid decline due to dam construction, habitat alteration, pollution, overfishing and the erosion of traditional knowledge. Conserving indigenous fish has therefore become both a nutritional priority and a cultural responsibility. Across India, efforts are being made to safeguard these species through community-based sanctuaries, river restoration programs, habitat management, broodstock conservation and the recognition of customary rights. Such initiatives not only strengthen food security but also preserve cultural heritage.