Value addition and waste utilization of Banana: A review

Banana is one of the most widely cultivated fruits globally, with its production generating a substantial amount of agricultural waste. The improper disposal of banana waste, including peel, stem, and leaf, not only leads to environmental pollution but also represents a missed opportunity for resource recovery. Recent studies have focused on the potential of banana waste as a sustainable resource for a variety of applications, including food, bioenergy, bioplastics, and agricultural products. Banana peel, rich in bioactive compounds, offers promising opportunities in food fortification, nutraceuticals, and functional food development. Additionally, banana pseudostems, traditionally discarded, contain fibers that are being explored for eco-friendly textiles and biodegradable materials. The high cellulose content in banana stems and leaves makes them an attractive source for bioethanol production and biocomposites. Furthermore, banana waste has been found to have applications in wastewater treatment, wherein its adsorption properties can be utilized for the removal of heavy metals and other contaminants. This review synthesizes the current state of research on banana waste utilization, highlighting its potential for contributing to circular economy models and addressing the growing global concerns related to waste management, resource conservation, and sustainable development. Future work should focus on scaling up the biotechnological processes, improving cost-effectiveness, and exploring novel applications of banana waste to maximize its potential in various industrial sectors.